Recently my Dad started sending me pieces of his vinyl record collection. He has a ton of good stuff from Led Zeppelin to The Beatles and everything in between from 65'-75'. My plan is to archive all the albums to my computer and do some other fancy things with them like converting each track to an MP3, allowing for easy distribution via CD or over the Internet. Below is the process that I used after doing many hours of research on and off line.
1. The Equipment
In high school I was able to acquire some relatively decent vintage stereo equipment before the prices shot up on eBay in recent years. Here's the list of hardware I used:
- Technics SL-20 Belt Drive Turntable
- Technics SA-110 Stereo Receiver
- Technics SH-8XXX Graphic Equalizer
- 64-Bit Debian GNU/Linux Computer
2. The Software
Noticeably I'm a huge Geek, and one of my requirements for doing this was everything application must be Free Software. The one exception is I compressed the tracks to MP3 instead of OGG, this decision was made since my parents are the final destination and it will just make things simpler on their end. Here's the software I used for ripping, analyzing, processing, and encoding:
- Audacity - Recording and Track Splitting
- Normalize-audio - Sound Level Equalization
- EasyTag - MP3 Tagging (ID3v2)
- LAME - MP3 Encoding
- FLAC - Archival Lossless Encoding
Before I rip a record I clean each record with a RCA disc washer kit, clean the tip of the stylus, and check that the EQ levels on the equalizer are all set to zero.
In Audacity I play the record watch the levels when it peaks, moving the record level slider correctly so it's right around 0 since I don't want it to be too loud and end up distorted. I hit record in Audacity and start playing the record, checking the levels and making sure the sound is coming through and then sit back and listen to the wonderful sounds of 30 year old vinyl playing away. Once the side is recorded I cut off the beginning and end silence and save it as a WAV file which is usually around 190Mb or so. I do this for each record, being careful not to bump the turntable or cause any excessive disk activity on the computer that would distort the sound.
Once all the vinyl is ripped digitally I process each WAV file through normalize-audio, which will boost the sound levels up to a normal volume acceptable for playback. The command is straightforward, just pass it a filename and it will only take a few seconds to up the levels.
After the audio is normalized I re-open the WAV with Audacity and use the Edit->Split feature to find the gaps between songs and cut the WAV into individual tracks. After the tracks are found I use File->Export Multiple to export through LAME each track as a 192-kbps MP3 file, with a generic file name and no ID3v2 tags.
Using the program EasyTag I then load that directory, and use the GNUDB manual lookup to find the proper album, click apply to all tracks, then save the tags and file names. This will rename the tracks correctly and fill out all the ID3v2 tags, making it a lot easy to catalog and use with MP3 players.
The final step is to archive the original WAV file into FLAC, which is a lossless compression codec, cutting the size of the file by about 65% but maintaining the fidelity of the original WAV. The command I use to do this takes a while but as you can see the compression is impressive:
flac --lax -mep -b 8192 -l 32 -r 0,16 SideA.wav -o ../flac/SideA.flac4. Results
190M SideA.wav
116M SideA.flac
I tested the resulting MP3s in XMMS, Winamp, iTunes, and streaming through MusixIndex, which all worked as expected:
5. Conclusions
Fortunately my Dad took great care of his record collection, and they still sound great. The packing itself is still in top condition and even better than what I'd expect it to look like after 30 years. Unfortunately no matter how much you do to improve the sound quality, through equipment, cleaning, and filters it's unrealistic to expect the records to play as well as when they were new. The sound was still amazing, but occasionally there are the pop/clicks and sometimes distortion of the sound. Each record is different, some sound flawless while others (New Riders of the Purple Sage) are actually not circular anymore which causes the tonearm to skate some, adding a sort of swishing sound every revolution.
Even with some of the sound flaws, I've come to accept that that's the way it is. If I wanted a clean error free recording I'd pick up the CD and just rip that instead, but then where's the fun in that? Plus the MP3s and FLAC sounds exactly like the original record, pops and all, which when listening on a portal MP3 player gives you the feeling of warmth you'd expect from original vinyl.
Update
To address some comments:
The equipment is hooked up like this:
Tunrtable-> RCA-> Receiver-> RCA-> Equalizer-> RCA to 1/8 Headphone jack -> Line-In on a PCI SoundBlaster Live!The sound card is roughly 7 years old, but has excellent Linux support and Creative was one of the first hardware companies to produce open source drivers back then. All other inputs and channels on the card are muted to avoid any noise.
The sound is through the equalizer to make sure all the levels were 0 before being send to the computer, it also gave me a visual clue to if the music was playing (occasionally I would mute the speaker volume). Plus, have you ever seen a Technics EQ from the early 1980s? The thing just looks damn cool when it's doing what it's doing.
When I recorded with Audacity I set the record level to coincide with the VU level, making sure it peaked at 0. Normalizing the audio was minimal and since each album had a different record level I don't have the annoyance of one being louder than the other.
I wanted to get the best quality I could (The new cartridge and cleaning gave the most improvement) but being that it is ~30 year vinyl I'm not going to be a huge stickler for perfection.
References
http://www.delback.co.uk/lp-cdr.htm
http://www.br0wn.co.uk/vinyltocd.htm
http://www.atpm.com/9.03/under-the-hood.shtml
http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/9/13/11498/3759
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6628
http://home.att.net/~halbower/music.html
http://www.turntablebasics.com/advice.html
![[FSF Associate Member]](http://meded-mail.ucsd.edu/~mwaltz/images/fsf_2480.png "FSF Member #2480"){kind=small}
46 comments:
Quite interesting Micheal. Sounds complex but you know how to do it! Hopefully there won't be many like the NRPS. It did get pretty warm in the attic. Maybe the vinyl on that one was thinner than others. Will have to see with the next batch. Nice to know the records are bing given new life. Take care,Dad
You might try Gramofile for the recording. Gramofile has some pretty good features also:
- filters for minimizing the sound of pops or damage.
- Song separation
- Save as .wav
http://www.opensourcepartners.nl/~costar/gramofile/
I tried gramofile first, and it did well recording and normalizing, but it was having trouble with track separation on some records so I fell back to doing it manually.
Very cool project. But could you describe how you connected the turntable to your Linux box? Or more accurately, how you connected the EQ to the Linux box? Meaning, what cables, did you have to custom-solder your own, was there a particular sound card you needed to fuss with or was it a no-brainer, which port on the card (lots to choose from :) ), etc.
The screen capture of Audacity is odd in that the wave has no medium. http://sound.westhost.com/compression.htm#why_use
Cool post, but please people, never ever do the normalizing thing too much:
Try pushing up external levels on your hardware. The reciever in this case. Try to level it BEFORE you hit record.
I would recommend to do a Replaygain when done. It's a much better method for normalizing than do the standard normalize.
I'm not sure why you have that equalizer in your signal chain if you have all of the frequencies set to 0dB. The only thing it would be doing at that point is adding more noise to the signal.
I'm doing the same thing to my LP collection, and also my parents' records. Sadly their taste in music isn't as good as your father's. Some comments:
1). The sound card you use can make a big difference. I did some recordings using a computer with the sound on the motherboard and the music just didn't sound right. I did some more on a different computer with a Sound Blaster card and the results were so much better I forced myself to redo all the albums I had done before.
2). A good way to connect to amplifier to the sound card is through the headphone jack. I use a Harmon Kardon receiver I picked up at a Cash Converters, plus a headphone extension cable with an adapter plug, both bought at Radio Shack.
3). The song timings on most LPs can be helpful when splitting up tracks. They're never exactly right, but they'll get you in the ballpark and Audacity shows timing information.
Dear Debian brother, perhaps I'm missing something but I don't see any info in how you interfaced the Technic stuff with your computer? Plain line-in, on-board audio, sound card, etc?
Unfortunately, the signal-to-noise ratio on that sound card's ADCs is pretty foul - you're getting a lot of extra hiss from that. I'd know, I've used the same card. If you really care about your audio quality, don't use a consumer sound card. It is, however, a good bit better than motherboard cards.
In other news, yes, there's no real reason to have an EQ in there, as long as you've got an RIAA preamp in the reciever.
I agree with the other post about normalize.
You do NOT need this step as Lame will automatically set the replay gain metadata for you.
You didn't tell us how long it took to do this whole process per album.
I'm sure it was not worth the time, compared to iTune or even compared to the high quality mp3s you can get from allofmp3.com
You might like to look at The Gnome Wave Cleaner http://gwc.sourceforge.net/ This is a great way to clean up the noise. It also has a little program called Track_Rec http://ns.redhawk.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=26
which will record the album allowing you to split the tracks as you record.
If you still want to record the whole album as one and split the tracks afterwards, there is a program called Wave Breaker that will do that for you.
http://huli.org/wavbreaker/
The stanton str8-80 and other stanton tables have S/PDIF outs that do the conversion on the record palyer. You can then bring that in using a nice card. I've done it using an old hoontech card, an m-audio delta-66 omni i/o under linux and with my presonus firebox under mac osx. It's pretty good. Also here's a trick that you can do with that. I had a really nice album with one brutal skip in it.
So I played the record forward up to the skip. Then played the record backward from the inside to the skip (which is just a button press on the STR8 series and I think the latest 1200s). Flipped over the backwards part and joined the two up in audacity. Came out inaudible.
Just FYI, belt driven turntables do not maintain their pitch well and are not suitable for recording or archiving purposes. Use a direct driven turntable such as th3 MK2 series.
Is that Audacity used on Mac??? I thought this was about using audacity on linux.
Looks like a Mac running VNC software to view a XFCE desktop.
I've been doing this forever with my ever expansive record collect from when I DJ'd Jungle a few years ago. Two notes:
1) You want your recording level to be as hot as possible (close to digital 0) to reduce the amount of noise that will be brought out in normalization.
2) A turntable with a digital out, like Denon's etc. can eliminate any noise problems caused from cheap RCA or 1/8" connectors and improve the overall sound of your recording.
Ouch! Thats alot of work to be running it all through an SB Live.
Try a Digital Audio Labs CardDeluxe, a LynxOne, or one of the M-Audio Audiophile series. The difference will be remarkable!
Buy it on ebay, sell it back when your done, it wont cost much in the end.
Thank for all this info. Very cool. I'm unpacking my collection from the 60's and 70' to do the same.
My Dad has jazz from the 20's-30's in 78rpm. I bought a special needle and turntable.
I tried Pinnacle's Clean Plus but couldn't get it to work right.
Your system is simpler.
Audacity has features for changing the RPM speed. Playing at 78 speeds
up the process and can be converted to 33 RPM by Audacity later. This is especially good for a 16 RPM record with 100 minutes of fancy muzak on it. Look on ebay for "seeburg 16 rpm". Audacity doesn't have the 16 rpm transform but all you have to do is use high sample rate, and convert the 78-to-33 and then to half speed for the 16rpm.
Quote: "Just FYI, belt driven turntables do not maintain their pitch well and are not suitable for recording or archiving purposes. Use a direct driven turntable such as th3 MK2 series."
Rubbish, they can lose pitch, but if you look after the turntable and belt, you won't have any real issues with pitch variations, at least not unless you have pitch perfect hearing - which very few people do have.
I agree about the EQ - remove it from the reproduction chain, it'll only degrade the sound.
Imagine how good the recording would be with a better turntable/cartridge combination (sorry, but technic's reputation for making decent sounding turntables wasn't very good) - not trying to sound like an audiophile snob.
Cheers,
Dave
PS Hopefully the RIAA doesn't try and chase you down for copyright infringement...
Quote: "sorry, but technic's reputation for making decent sounding turntables wasn't very good"
Well i'm not sure about commercial turntables, but Technics SL 1210 turntables are THE turntable of choice for DJ's and can be found in almost every half-decent club in the world (before the Pioneer CDJ CD decks became popular) because of their almost invincible durability and excellent sound quality. I believe this turntable was first released in 1972 and is still being produced today as it has never really been bettered!
I would have thought some of this technology at least would have been incorporated into the rest of Technics branded commercial turntables?
Helpful Link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SL-1200
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